Rakhines were not indigenous race of Myanmar before 197
If we analyze history of Arakan , we cannot find the word “Rakhine” before 1970s. The word, “Rakhine” was fabricated in 1970s to get promotion of State authority. The only word used for Arkanese Buddhist was Mug. So Rakhine were not indigenous race in Burma before 1970s. Rakhine fabricated thousands of histories ,again they failed to prove Rakhine’s authenticity, now they are calling themselves Arakan which is neither Rakhine’s word nor Bamar’s word, it is a Persian or Urdu word.
For Rohingya’s authenticity see
An 1826 British government document on the cultures and inhabitants of Burma, today known as Myanmar, settles any lingering arguments over whether Muslims have lived here for hundreds of years.Secret and Political Department, Fort William, the material begins with:
I, having made a tour through the province of Arracan, and its dependencies Ramree, Cheduba and Sandoway and having inspected the localities of the frontier and debouchments of the mountain passes, I am not enable with the aid of information collected from various sources, respectfully to submit for the consideration of the Right Honorable, the Governor General in council, a short report of the character of the country, history, population, productions and manners and customs of the inhabitants.
The confident author of the report states…
The extent of the Population has been tolerably well ascertained, proved a census taken by Mr. Robertson, and myself, and may be considered as approximating very nearly to the truth.
With plenty of references for their work, the authors note many details about the state of Burma in 1826 and they were given the country full accepted history up to that point in time and it is an incredible look back into time.
If we analyze that report, we will find that 53.3% of Mug headmen were from Ramoo of Bangladesh; among 30 Mug headmen, 15 are from Ramoo of Bangladesh, 1 from Cheduba of Bangladesh, 3 re-migrated from Bagladesh. There were 11 Muslim headmen, only one person was mentioned re-migrate; Ameer Allee, a remigrant Mussulman from Cox’s Bazar where he was from some time employed in the subsidiary Police establishment. It means Muslims did not come from Bangladesh.
There are many words in daily life usages which are neither Rakhine’s words nor Bamar words, those are specifically related Muslimonly such aspara, sardar, raja, zumeendar, jageedar, nazir, mahilla, arries, seer, tayngs, rutalu, maund etc.
Rakhine and Myanmar Government have been publishing bias history, false and baseless history against Rohingya. They claimed that the word “Rohingya” was used first time after independence of Burma in 1948 . According to authentic historical documents, it was used widely in 17 century.
SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research, Vol. 1, No., 1, Spring 2003, ISSN 1479-8484
Early Article Reprint 1
Francis Buchanan published his “A Comparative Vocabulary of Some of the Languages Spoken in the Burma Empire” in 1799, in the fifth volume of Asiatic Researches” This piece provides one of the first major Western surveys of the languages of Burma. But the article goes beyond this and provides important data on the ethno-cultural identities and identifications of the various population groups in the first half of Bo-daw-paya’s reign (1782-1819), For these reasons, the article is republished here.
The article is reproduced in its entirety, with slight modifications as follows. The letter “J” used for the contemporary usage (thus, “Chinese”). “s” in such words as “Chineje” follows contemporary. At several points in the article, the original publisher did not include all the necessary characters (and sometimes lopped off the ends of sentences)” ln such cases, the lost letter or likely word has been included within brackets. Split words, using a dash at the end of a sentence have been reunified (hence, “woman”, is now “woman”). Finally, the article has been repaginated to fit within the overall scheme of this issue of the SBBR. Beyond these points, no changes have been made and all footnotes are derived from the original article.
The original citation for the article is as follows:
Francis Buchanan, “A Comparative Vocabulary of Some of the Languages Spoken in the Burma Empire.” Asiatic Researches 5 (1799): 219-240.
M.W.C
A Comparative Vocabulary of Some of the
Languages Spoken in the Burma Empire
Francis Buchanan, M. D.
TO judge from external appearance, that is to say, from shape, size, and feature, there is one very extensive nation that inhabits the east ol Asia.lt includes the Eastern and Western Tartars of the Chinese authors, the Calmucs the Chinese, the Japponese, the Malays and other tribes inhabiting what is called the Peninsula of lndia beyond the Ganges: and the islands to the south and east of this, as far at least as Neuz Guinea. This, however, is speaking in a very general sense, and many foreign races being intermixed with the nation, and, perhaps, many tribes belonging to it, being featured beyond the limits I have mentioned.
COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY
The people called by us Burmas, Barmas, Vermas, Brimmas, &c. stile themselves Myammaw. By people of Pegu, they are named Pummay ; by Karaya, Yoo; by the people of Cussay, Awa, by the Cussay Shau, Kammau ; by the Chinese ofYounan,Laumeen ; and by theAykobat, Anwa. They esteemthemselves to bedescendedfromthepeopleolArakan, whom they often callMyanmmawgyee that is to say, great Burmas.
The proper natives oI Arakan call themselves Yakain, which name is also commonly given to them by the Burmas. By the people of Pegu, they are named Takain. By the Bengal Hindus, at least by such of them as have been settled in Arakan, the country is called Rossaum, from whence, I suppose, Mr. Rennell has been induced to make a country named Roshaum occupy part of his map, not conceiving that it would be Arakan, or the kingdom of the Mugs, as we often call it. Whence this name of Mug, given by the Europeans to the natives ol Arakan, has been derived, I know not;but, as far as lcould learn, it is totally unknown to the natives and their neighbors, except such of them as, by their intercourse with us, have learned its use. The Mahommedans settled al Arakan, call the country Rovingaw; the Persians call it Rekan.
The third dialect of the Burma language is spoken by a small tribe called Yo. There are four governments of this nation, situated on the east side of the Arakan mountains, governed by chiefs of their own, but tributary to the Burmas.
The fourth dialect is that of what we call the coast of Tanessarim, from its city now in ruins, whose proper name was Tanayntharee. These people, commonly called by the Burmas, Dawayza and Byeitza, from the two governments of which their country consists, have most frequently been subjected to Siam but at present they are subjects of the Burma [kingdom]
Although the dialects of these people, to one another, appear very distinct, yet the difference consists chiefly in such minute variations of accent as not to be observable by a stranger. In the same manner as an Englishman, at first, is seldom able to distinguish even the Aberdeen accent from that of the other shires of Scotland, which to a Scotchman appears to be different; so, in most cases, I could perceive no difference in the words of these four languages, although among the Burmas, any of the provincials, speaking generally, produced laughter, and often appeared to be with difficulty understood. I shall, therefore, only give a list of the Burma words of the other dialects are the same,where difference is not mentioned.
COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY
These six areall thelanguages Burma Empire of this great eastern of which I stay in the Burma Empire. I was able to procure”evocable sufficient for my purpose. Although they appear very different at first sight, and the language of one race is totally unintelligible to the others, yet I can perceive in them all some coincidences; and the knowledge of the languages, with their obsolete words, their phrases, their inflection of words, and elision, euphoria cause,could perhaps, show many more. Those that have the greatest affinity are in tab I, IV and V Mr. GILCRIST whose knowledge of common dialect in use on the bank of Ganges is I believe exceeded by that of no European, was so obliging as to look over these vocabularies; but he could not trace the smallest relation between the languages.
I shall now add three dialects,spoken in the Burma Empire, but evidently derive from the language of the Hindu nation.
The first is that spoken by the Mohammedans, who have long settled in Arakan, and who call themselves Rooinga, or natives of Arakan.
The second dialect is, that spoken by the Hindus of Arakan. I procured it from a Brahmen and his attendants, who had been brought to Amarapura by the king’s eldest son on his return from the conquest of Arakan. They called themselves Rossawn and for what reason to persuade met hat theirs was a common language of Arakan. Boththese tribes, by the real natives of Arakan, are called Kulaw Yakain or stranger Arakan.
The last dialect of Hindustanee which I shall mention, is that of a people call by Burmas, Aykobat, many of them are slaves at Amarapura. By one of them I was informed, that they had called themselves Banga; that formerly they had kings of their own; but that, in his father’s time, their kingdom had been overturned by the king of Munnypura, who carried away a great part of the inhabitants to his residence.
When that was taken last by the Buermas, which was about fifteen years ago, this man was one of the many captives who were brought to Ava. He said also, that Banga was seven days’ journey south-west from Munnypura; it must, therefore, be on the frontiers of Bengal, and may, perhaps, be the country called in our maps Cashar.
Mr. GILCHRIST has been so good as to examine particularly these two dialects, and to mark thus ( * ) those words which come nearest the Hindustanee spoken on the Ganges; and thus (ţ) those not so evidently connection with the same, but which show resemblance by analogy.
|
English
|
Rooinga
|
Rossawn
|
Banga
|
|
Sun
|
Bel
|
* Sooja
|
Bayllee
|
|
Moon
|
Sawn
|
Sundsa
|
Satkan
|
|
Stars
|
Tara
|
* Nokyoto
|
* Tara
|
|
Earth
|
Kool
|
Murtika
|
* Matee
|
|
Water
|
Pannae
|
* Dsol
|
* Pannae
|
|
Fire
|
Auin
|
* Aaganee
|
Zee
|
|
Stone
|
Sheel
|
* Sheel
|
* Heel
|
To:
George Swinton Esquire
Secretary to Government in the Secret and Political Department
Fort William
Sir,
1st.Havingmadeatourthrough theprovinceofArracan,anditsdependenciesRamree,Cheduba, and Sandoway and having inspected the localities of the frontier and debouchments of the mountain passes, I am now enable with the aid of information collected from various sources, respectfully to submit for the consideration of the Right Honorable the Governor General in council, a short report ofthecharacterofthecountry,history,population,productionsandthemanners andcustoms of the inhabitants.-
2nd. The difficulties experienced in gaining correct information in a country with the language of which the inquirer is not thoroughly acquaint render it perplexing, and often doubtful. I have however taken care, to state, nothing without being myself satisfied of its correctness, either from ocular observation, or the best proof that existing circumstances could produce.-
3rd. The History of the early ages is merely to a traditional and fabulous, and has been collected partly from manuscripts of Mr. Robertsons; the letter part, including Kyng Berring invasion down to the conquestof Arracan bythe British Government, may be considered authentic is having been extracted partly from Mugh manuscripts and from the oral communications of many individuals in whose times the events took place and who were eye witnesses of the scene.
4th . The character of the country has been attained from ocular observation and from the kind communication of my friends Lieutenants Thomerson and Cammilin of the engineers, its extent however is roughly computed, no survey having yet been made of it—
5th. The extent of the Population has been tolerably well ascertained, proved a census taken by Mr.Robertson, and myself, and may beconsidered as approximating very nearly to the truth.
6th.Aknowledge of the productions of the country, and of the manners and customs of the people has been acquired from observation and from the communications of the most intelligent men in these Provinces.
7th. Having submitted the above explanations, and trusting to the indulgent consideration of government, I shall without further preface, respectfully and in as concise a manner as possible lay the result of my enquiries before this Lordship.
The province of Arracan and its dependencies Ramree, Cheduba,& Sandoway lie between 18&21 degrees of north Latitudes and may be averaged at about 60 miles in breath bounded on the East and South by the Yoomadong Mountains, on the west by the bay of Bangal, and on the north by the Naaf, and the mountains of Mybe at the source of the Mrosoy, covering an extent of about 11,000 square miles, of which there are not at present more than 400 in a state of cultivation. The greater part of the country from the bottom of the mountainsdown to the sea is asunder bun and the only possible way of communicating with the different villages is by water.
The province of Arracan exclusive of the capital includes 55 village Divisions or Districts, each District or Division containing according to its size from2 to 60 Paras, or small villages, each division is placed underthe controlof a Sirdar (Division Head)who is held responsible for the good conduct of the Paradas of his division, who are generally appointed by the suffrage of the villages.
The Town of Arracan was divided by the Burmese into eight wards according with the number of outlets from the fortifications, each ward had its own police, but all were placed under the Moosoogree and Acherong of the city, who received the daily reports of any complaint was preferred not cognizable by them it—was referred to the judicial court, consisting of the Akonwan (collector of land revenue) Akonwon(Collector of port customs),two Cheekaydos (law officers) and two Nakhandos (royal reporters). lf the case could not be settled bythem, an appeal was made to the Rajah whose decision was final in all cases, not affecting the officers of the state, or Kheonks of village Divisions, who had the privilege of appealing to the Shaway hlwoldo or court of the king in council.
ln capital offences the friends of the criminal, if able to pay a handsome sum of money, scarcely ever failed to effect the release of the culprit, and often even; at the place of execution. ln many cases Plaintiff and Defendant were both made to pay fees and costs of which the officers of the police had their share, and in consequences the utmost vigilance and efficiency were kept up, rendering it almost impossible for crime to be committed without the knowledge of the civil officers of the state.
The province of Ramree includingAmherst islands is divided into 25 village Divisions, the province ofSandaway contains 17 village divisions, the island of Cheduba has always been considered as one district and contains 10 paras, the provinces of Ramree, Sandaway and Cheduba had each a Deputy Governor but allwere subordinate to the Rajah of Arracan, whose situation was the best in the gift of the king of Ava, and always bestowed upon some relation, or as a reward for eminent services rendered to the state by the individual invested with that high honor, who was only required to remit a portion of the revenue to Ava for the support of the white elephant, never exceeding 120 Bisswas of silverequalto about l.R. 18,663…… the remainder become his sole perquisite.
The governor and deputy governors were Benerally relieved every third or fourth year, when their successors arrived, the Kheonks or Head men of village divisions were summoned to the seat of government,when a heavy fee was exacted for—confirming them in all their former rights and privileges.
According to the chronology of the Mughs, the present year of our Lord 1826 corresponds with 1188 of their Era, which was established in honor of Goadmah, who introduced the worship of Boodhism into these regions during the reign of Chainda Soorea Gota and built the famous Temple of Mahamooneechuck, when the religion of Boodhas had been universally adopted. Goadmah told the King that he intended visiting other nations of the earth for the purpose of propagating the true religion, and solicited his permission to depart, which was granted on his allowing the King to take a caste of his figure in mixed Metals; all the cunning artificers in the Kingdom having been convened, the work was commenced on a Wednesday morning and on the following Friday the Caste was complete, when Goadmah disappeared and the image was set up in his stead. The image is stated to be composed of equal parts,Gold, Silver, Copper, Brass, Lead, Tin, iron, Steel and butenagua and of the following dimensions
4Pedestal of thesame metals as the image, 4 cubits broad.
Figure in a sitting posture 8 cubits high. -Chanda Sorea Gota the first Rajah on record after a long and happy reign died in the 63′d year of the Mug Era.
His successors were Soorea Kadow.
Who died in the Mug Era ………………………………………….117
Maha lyng ………………………………………………………………154
Soorea Chanda 1st…………………………………………………..… 226
Maila Tya Chanda ………………………………………………..…..268
Buba Chanda …………………………………………………………..288
Kala Chanda …………………………………………………..………..317
Thula Chanda 1st……………………………………………….……… 346
Soorea Chanda 2nd…………………………………………………… 368
Sikkee Koja to Chanda …………………………………….……….384
And was succeeded by Thala Chanda 2nd who being a great –favorite of the gods they sent him an enchanted spear, Dhaw and Magic ring from the invisible world; in the year 387, he went on an expedition against chinas leaving the magic ring with his wife as a safe guard to her virtue, and charm against the influence of evil eyes with this injunction that in the event of his not returning, she should raise that person to the throne, whose forefinger the ring would fit, knowing it would accommodate itself only to him who was blessed with the favor of the Gods, and that he should there by not only secure a good Husband for the Queen but a wise ruler for the people, the rajah, having affected the object of his expedition was accidentally drowned on his way back, the merciful intelligence was conveyed to the Queen by the minister, who tried every artifice to ingratiate himself into the queens favor, with the hope of being raised to the sovereignty.
The Queen told him of the rate King’s injunction relative to the Ring… fore-finger the ring fitted ….whether a prince of a rajah, and presented the ring to him in full Darbar, who made every effort to put it on, but in vain, it was then tried by the nobles who all suffered a similar mortification, at length the story of the ring having spread far and wide, two brothers by name Nura Ta and Nura Ko on the Jhoom caste, lnhabitants of the Kaladyne Hills came to try their fortunes, and both found the ring to fit, the queen made choice of Nura Ta and raised him to theThrone, who shortly afterwards becoming jealous of his brother slew him, upon which Bay Bay won, Nura Ko’s son fled to the mountain of Phoo BhongTong, between Arracan and Ava, aboutthis period, Soo Bhoong phoo, King of Ava being irritated on hearing that the Queen of Arracan had raised a Jhoom to the throne, resolved to make war upon Nura Ta, on his way to Arracan he fill in with Bay Bay won who volunteered his aid against his Uncle, when they arrived at the—Villages of Parongdying in Arracan Bay Bay Wom remained to fast and pray for three days and entreated the Gods, that if it was decreed, he should become the rajah of Arracan and be permitted to revenge his father’s death, they would send him three armed boats from the invisible world; on the third day his prayers were attended to, and the war boats appeared, but he was instructed first to attack the kingof Ava, and then march against his Uncle. Having worsted the KingAva, who retired to his own kingdom, he advanced towards the capital, Nura Ta fell sick and died in 392 after a reign of only five years. Bay Bay Won held the reign of government undisturbed till the year 405 when Nuurra Towayza king of Ava, to revenge the defeat of Soo Bhong Phoo invaded Aracan with a large army, and having defeated Bay Bay won in a pitched battle, compelled him to retire to Phosaney Kang, where he recruited his forces and received the contest, and after various engagements succeeded in recovering the western half of his Kingdom, the Burmese holding the eastern.During this divided rule, there appear to have been continual disputes which lasted till the year 423, when NamongTadong, theson of king Theola Chanda who was drowned in returning from China, came from the Hills of Wybee near Goorgenia, where he had been long secreted with an army of Jhoom attacked, defeated and killed the Burmese Rajah; aboutthis time Bay Bay Won died, and Namong Tadong became Rajah, and held his court in the city of Chanbolay till the year 438 when he died, upon which the minister raised a descendant of the ancient rajahs by name Kadow San to the throne, and he ruled till the year 443, his immediate successors were as follows-
Chanda Sau, Brother of the late Rajah who reigned till the year…………….. 449
Manik Rang froo son of Chanda Sau………………………………………………………459
He was succeeded by his son Maha Soorea who reigned—till the year 462 when his Brother Soorea, obtained the sovereignty and ruled till464, and was succeeded by his son Poomkee who held the reins of government till the year 468 when a person named Manik Froogeeree became Rajah and ruled till the year 470, when his minister, Chang Saban raised a rebellion in the Kingdom, and having put the Rajah to death assumed the reins of government which he held only for one year, having been deposed by his own minister who placed a son of Manik Froo geeree by name Maneek Kyn Las upon the throne, who ruled till the year 476 and was succeeded by Manik son 1st, who ruled till the year 479.His successor was Manik Kala who governed till the year 481 when Manik Phalong 1′t, ascended the throne, who was deposed and put to death in 485 by his own minister Sang Khyng who held the government till the year 487.About this period two of Manik Phalong’s sons fled and took refuge with the King of Ava, their names ware Manik Son 2nd and Manik Zadee, on the death of Sang Khang they held the government, till the year 492 when Layya San grandson of Manik Phalong assisted with an army from the King of Ava invaded Arracan, defeated and killed Manik Zadee and possessing himself of the rein of government ruled till the year 498, His descendants and successors governed as follows.
Leyya san till the year ……………………………………………500.
Maha Rajgeeree ……………………………………………..….. 502.
Leyya Myngeeree 1st ………………………………………….… 510.
Leyra Mungtee …………………………………………….…….. 520.
When Kowaba ascended the throne and reigned till the year 530, this Rajah built the temple of
Mahatee and set up in it the large and famous idolof that name, he appears to have ruled over a part of China, the whole of Ava, Siam, and Bangaland to have been possessed of five white Elephants, on his death, his Son Dapa became King, and held possession of all his father’s dominions till the year 542, when he died this Prince is stated to have been Lord of 60 white Elephants, his successors were as follows–.
Anyng who ruled tillthe year …………………………………….544.
Manik Tatukja ……………………………………………….………….549.
Myng Jokeer………………………………………………….……………551
Kyng Tha Rooboo……………………………………………………….553
During the reign of these princes, china, Ava and Siam appear to have been wrested from the government of Arraccan. Chalung Bafroo, the minister taking advantage of the imbecility of Kyng Tha Rooboo put him to death and usurped the government, but the people not being pleased with this wicked act, openly rebelled and having killed Chalong Bafroo, raised Bajoo san a son of Kyng Tha Rooboo to the throne, who re-conquered all the countries lost in the four former reigns, this prince died in 564 and the following were his immediate successors.
Nara biam Manik who ruled till …………….566.
Taboo Khyng…………………………….……….571.
Makoo roon………………………………………..574.
Machoo………………………………………………579.
Machaung San …………………………..……..580.
Manik Kounk geeree …………………..….. 581.
Manik Koonkee ……………………………..…..582.
Khyngfa Laung geeree ………………….……588.
Khynfa Laung Nee ……………………..……..584,
This rajah having been deposed and killed by his minister was succeeded by his son LeyyaMyngeeree who ruled till the year 589 his successor was Lana Phan Froo who governed till the year 600, This Rajah’s 1st son Nanajee held the sovereignty for the first six months and his 2nd son NetaLaung for the last six months of the year 601- when a descendent of the old Rajahs by name plawaNafroo son of Manik Koonkee obtained the government and reigned till the year 607.
This princeruled extended as far as the city of Moorshedabad which was in his possession, his successors wereRajahLhokrey who ruled till 610. And Chowa Lakrey who ruled till 615, and another son of AlawaNafroo whose name is not preserved held the—reins of government till 623, he was succeeded by Jormer Soorea who reigned till the year 630, when NynKageeree succeeded the throne and ruled till 633. This Rajah’s government provingtyrannical and oppressive to the people, they rebelled and put him to death but raised his son ManikPhalong Thu 2nd to the throne and he held the government till the year 637.When he was deposedand slain by his minister Chamya who succeeded the sovereignty and held the rule till the year 648,when his subject rebelled and having put him to death get ManikJy son of Manik Phalong a boy ofabout 7 years old upon the throne who ruled till the year 746 a persist of 98 years, his successorwere as follows:
Bjana geeree who ruled till …………….749.
Sageeree…………………………………..…..752
Synjaway Manik ……………………….……757.
Rajah Lao ascended the throne in 758 had his minister Chyeer Mien having stirredupa rebellionobliged him after one or two successful engagements to leave the kingdom and occupied thegovernment, which he held till the year 750, in the year 761the people of Arracan being dissatisfiedwith Chynyaman government deposed him and brought Rajah Lao back who ruled till the year 762,and was succeeded by his brother Chanda Lao who reigned tillthe year766, his son Soomoowaywas raised to the throne, in the year 768, Long Bhaung Rajah of Ava throne of the Yokee, andhaving assembled an army invaded Arracan, Soomoo way not being able to oppose him left thekingdom and took refuge with the king ofHindoostan leaving Mong Bhoong to take quiet possessionof the reins of Government Soomoo way having ingratiated himself with the king of Hindoostan byteaching his people the proper way to catch wild elephants made bold to solicit his aid in recoveringthe throne of Arracan. The king sent one of his minister by name Wali Khan with an army for that purpose and he succeeded in driving—the Burmese out of the Kingdom, but instead of placing Soomooway upon the throne, he threw himinto prison and usurped the government himself, Klee Kang, Soomooway’s Brother managed tobribe the officers in whose custody he was, and they both fled to the King of Hindoostan who onhearing what had occurred sent forSadeek Khan the son of Walee Kaan and ordered him to proceedin company with two of his Ministers Soo Baba and Daum Baba, with strict instructions to replaceSoomooway on the throne and put his own father to death, the kings orders were duly obeyed,Soomooway was reinstated, and Walee Khan decapitated in the year 792, Soomooway removed theseat of government from Chambalay to the town of Arracan, built a stone Fort and surrounded theTown with a strong wall measuring about nine miles, the labor of this work must have beenimmense as in many places moulds of Earth are thrown up to fill the spaces between contiguoushills, in others the hills are joined to each other by a mound faced on both sides with stone tookaveraging in height from 50 to 1″00 ft. This prince appear to have paid annually one lac of rupees tothe king of Hindoostan, which was continued by his successorAlee Khang, and by his son Kala Shamauntil the year 854, his successor were as follows –
Jaroo who ruled till the year …………..856.
Manik Ra Bong for only six months
Cha Lauk Ka till …………………………….863.
Manik Rajah……………………………………885
Kosa Buddee…………………………………..887
Manik Chawa geeree ………………….. Six months.
Sha Rajtill……………………………………….893
Mainba…………………………………………..915
Manik Da…………………………….….………917
His brother whose name is not preserved- 926.
Manik Phatah …………………………………….955.
Manik Rajgeeree …………………….………… 975
Mara Thyn………………………………………….984
Sooree Soo Thyn ………………….…………..1000.
Moongjanee ruled only 28 days when he either died of disease or was put to death by his ministerNara Buddeegeeree, who held the sovereignty in the year 1007 and was succeeded by his son SadooThyu who governed till the year to22 and was succeeded by Chowala Thae Chyu, it was in this reign that Soojah the brotherof Arungzabe sought refuge in Arracan and was kindly received by the Rajahwho supported him and his followers for five years, notwithstanding the Rajah’s hospitality andkindness, Soojah was not content, and actually set up a faction in the Kingdom. He repaired to thehilloftheKaladyneandhavingbeenjoinedmanymal-contentsse the Rajahatdefiance, lO43abattle took place between the rajah and the Maghul Chief, in which the former was not onlyworsted, but obliged to give up claim to Chittagong and Jepperah, so long held by his predecessors.
ln 1047 Sooree Soo Thyue 2nd son of the formere Rajah ascended the throne, but being a man of noability, through his inability the whole Kingdom fall into disorder, he however shortly after died, andwas succeeded by his son WarraThyn who ruled tillthe year 1054.This prince however did not in anyway ameliorate the condition of his subjects; his immediate successor and descendants MunneeShao and Sadoo Wong held the reins of government till the year 1058. When on the death of thelatter, Tadong a Wuzeer became Rajah, but he was deposed the following year by a chief namedMarapee who only held the rule for 8 months, having been deposed by a chief named Kala Maytawho in 1062 was expelled by Maratee Po, and he again by Keojang who ruled till 1068, when he wasdeposed by Shah Doula who governed till the year 1072 after which a chieftain known by the nameof the Kana Rajah obtained the supremacy, and by his bravery, and good management, not only putdown allfactions in his kingdom, but regained the District of Chittagong, and Jepperah, and ruled tillthe year 1093, when his son- in-law Soorea aided by a party of conspirators deposed and slew him, and assumed the governmentof Arracan, but could not retain that of Japperah and Chittagong, he died in 1095 and was succeededby his son Naratee Buddee who governed for one year when he was deposed by his uncle NaraPawa who only held the government during the year 1097,in 1097 his son Oojala ascended thethrone, who after ruling for six months, was killed by aMussalman named Kala who only ruled for sixmonths, when he was killed by a Mug Chieftain named Mamdaray Miela of Oojala Rajah whoreigned tillthe year 1104 and was succeeded by his uncle Oobhaya who in 1109 sent an expeditionunder his son in law saeew Twanja against Ava, the result of which is not recorded.
ln 1113 Aga Bakir ,the Dacca Nawab having been worsted in a contest near to Dacca by a chief named oomada appliedto the Rajah of Arracan for assistance who sent a Sardar by name Laya Moorang with 1000 war boatsto his aid, who obtained a victory for Aga Bakir and returned to Arracan, in 1123 Rajah Oobhaya diedand was succeeded by his son Seeree Soo who only held the reins of government for fortydays,when his brother Pooraman assumed the Raj and held it till 1126 in which year he was deposedand killed by Maha Rajh, a chieftain who had married a daughter of Rajah oobhaya.This Maha Rajhruled till 1135 when he was deposed and killed by Soomana the son of the sardar who under Oobhayas government had carried an armament to Dacca to the assistance of Aga Bakir. soo Manaruled till the year 1139 in which year a person named Phooree who was the head Musician atArracan went privately to Sandoway and having collected a number of men in the jungles withwhom he attacked and killed Soomana and held the sovereignty for 40 days, after which he wasdeposed and compelled to become a Rawbe ( Priest) by Thyn Moree a native of Ramree who ruledtill 1144 – on his death Samada son of his aunt ascended the throne, but—in consequence of his bad government several attempts were made to depose him, a chief namedSyngdaway formed a plan in concert with Saggya Taungza the Mau Soogree of Ramree to make thegovernment of the country over to the Burmese.
Chongooza then King of Ava rejected their proposalon the ploy of the unhealthiness of the climate of Araccan, stating that he did not wish to exposethis army to the pestilential effects of that country. After the death of Chongooza in the year 1145and in Phado Phara ascending the throne, Syundoway and his colleague went privately to Avaandsolicited His Golden footed Majesty to take Arracan and its dependencies under his protection,upon which the King sent three of his sons Heinsoy Meng, Peejay Meng, Tongoo Meng with an armyin three divisions to take possession of the country.The conspirator Syngdoway conducted the main body into Arracan bythe island route, Rajah Samada on hearing of the approach of the Burmese fledand concealed himself on the island of Maway Dong Da close to Ramree leaving the fate of hiskingdom in the hand of his minister Nea Laway who opposed theinvaders at the village ofKeemabout7 cass to the southward of the fort of Arracan in which he was worsted and the Burmese gotpossessionofthe country,thedivisionsandPeejayMengandTongooMengenteredtheprovinceby the route of Toungo and Sandaway.The Magh Chief at Sandaway by name Khoowarsee offeredresistance but not being able to oppose the Burmese fled to Chata Anauk on the Naaf where he wasafterwards killed.The Sardar of Ramee by name Lngshee Meng Thatalya geree having also beendefeated, the Burmese gotthe possession of the Kingdom.
ln 1146 when the government of the Burmese had been firmly established Raja Samada was seizedand he with his family,jewels and treasures and the famous image of Goadmah conveyed to Ava,Nanda Bagyan a Sardarwho had accompanied the expedition was made governor of Arracan andanother chief by name Nara Samagya—was put in charge of Ramree and its dependencies Cheduba, Nanda Kamanee was made governor ofSandaway and the conspirator Syngdoway was appointed Meo Soogree of Arracan, and his colleagueSaggya Toungza was confirmed in his former situation of Meo Soogree of Ramree –
Nanda Bagyan is stated to have been a man of conciliating manners and was much liked by thepeople.He put the Talek route into repair and settled the country. This chief died in 1149 and wassucceeded by Auank Phektyhuon who ruled till the year 1152. During his government, the tyranny ofthe Burmese proving intolerable, several of the Mug sardars revolted, but finding themselvesunequal to a contest, they solicited aid from the British Government, which was refused, at lengthbeing driven to desperation, they displayed the banner of rebellion and being headed by twoenterprising Chiefs Sengsheer and Champree and joined by a number of the Mug inhabitants, theyassembled at Pragyonta Panbra near to Ooreatong on the eastern side of the river and advancedupon Arracan, which they besieged for five weeks, and nearly succeeded in taking the place, buttheir Chief Leader Sengsheer having been accidentally shot through the head, the Mughs lost allconfidence in themselves and dispersed.The sardars fled to the Company’s territories, and the Ryatsreturned, to their villages.
On the arrival of Mong Paree a relation of the royal family, Anouk Phaktyhuon returned to Ava,Mong Paree only ruled for one year, when he died in 1153, and was succeeded by a Chieftain named Lyngdawon. During this Sardar’s rule, the King of Ava invaded the Yoodra, or country of Siam, histroops suffering much from the want of provisions, one of the collectors of state by name Mongreewas sent to Arracan with a fleet of boats forgrain, he was attacked at the village of Aukhur ChykwaKheon in the District of Sandoway, by a large party of Mugs under three Sardar, Palongand Kheoway Byong Myng, who defeated Moongree and got possession of the boats, shortly afterthis, they prepared to attack Arracan, ontheir arrival at Mahateelyngda Won advanced to meet them, but they had dispersed before hisarrival in consequence of being hard pressed by afleet of war boats from Ramree. The Mugh sardarsfled into the Chittagong district, and their flowers returned quietly to their villages.
In 1155 Syngdawon was recalled and Myngla Rajah a relation of the Kings appointed hissuccessor.During this chief’s rule the King of Ava sent a large army under Myngee Kheodong todemand the three Mugh Sirdars Pulung, Khwappok, and Kheoway togong Myng, who had takenrefuge in the company’s territories, who were delivered up. Polung and Khwappok were shut up in adark cell and starved to death, KheowayTagong Myng managed to make his escape and againreturned to Chittagong where he still resides .
ln 1157, Mynghla Rajah was recalled and Myngee Kheodong appointed his successor.ln 1160 , Khyngberring and his father the Meosoogree with several other Sarders stirred up a rebellion takingadvantage of the absence of Myngee Kheodong, who had been called upon by the King to takecommand of the army employed in the conquest of the Yoodra country. The King on hearing of theinsurrection sent for Khyng berrings brother Sanguaway, who was then at Ava and after acquaintinghim with the treachery of his father and brother put him to death, and ordered Myngee Kheodongimmediately back to Arracan placing under his command 3000 chosentroops. The Mughs on hearingof his approach became alarmed, deserted their leaders and dispersed, the Meosoogree and Khyngberring with other sirdars fled towards Chittagong, The Meosoogree falling sick on the way died atthe village of Mraosik Kheon ( Chota Aunk ), After this nothing particular occurred till the year 1173when Khyng Berring with other Sardars formed a resolution to attempt the expulsion of the Burmeseand having collected about 500 Mughs invaded Arracan in 25 boats and landed at the village ofMoojay, the Kheonk of which place immediately joined him with about 400 men.He then proceededto Ooreatong, attacked—the Burmese Thanah (Guard Post) and put them all to death.On information reaching the Rajah ofArracan he would not at first believe it.The next day Khyng berring arrived with a fleet of war boatsat Baboodong Ghat where he was met by the Rajah and defeated.
After this Myngee Kheodongturned every Mugh out of the Town of Arracan. Khyng Berring although worsted in his attack upon Arracan had still a considerable force under his command, part of which he detached under somesteady Sardars towards Talak, with orders to destroy all the village that did not join him. They burntMuong Khwakaw and Talak which created such terror amongst the Mughs that they all declared forhim and joined his standard and he very shortly overranthe province of Arracan and itsdependencies. Myngee Kheodong, not being able to oppose him in the field applied all hismeans forthe protection of the Capital. The Cheduba Rajah with a force of about 3000 men attempted toreinforce the Burmese troops but he was attacked, by aparty of Mughs under Mayok Toung Shaynear the village of Mollong about two days journey from Arracan, killed and his force completelydefeated with the loss of about 1000 men, the rest fled into the jungles and escaped. Shortly afterthis, the governors of Ramree and Sandaway come to retrieve the Burmese Character, and punishthe insurgents with a force consisting of about 5000 men in two hundred war boats.The Mughswaited for them at the village of Khung Mewa near to where they had defeated the Cheduba Rajah.
The Mugh fleet consisted of 80 large boats under Khyng Berring in person who attacked theBurmese with such bravery and skill, as completely to defeat them with great loss, and following upthe advantage got possession of Ramree, Cheduba and Sandoway, at allof which places he left aconsiderable force and then returned to Ooreatong where he built a large stockade for the receptionof his army, and having completely hemmed in Myngee Kheodong by a chain of stockades round thecapital, he sent a Vakeel, by name Mahomed Hussian formerly Cazee and Shabundar of Arracan, tothe British governmentin Calcutta to solicit its countenance and aid which were refused. Myngee Kheodond finding himselfhard pressed for provisions and no prospect of relief resolved to attack the Mugh stockade atLaungra Taungruo to the southward of the fort, which he succeeded in carrying out;three daysafterwards he attacked the MughPostat Lagyain ring near to Baboodong ghaut and was equallysuccessful, upon which Khyng Berring assembled all his forces near to Chambalay on the bank of theKhamong about 6—- from Arracan, where the Burmese attacked and defeated him with great loss, upon which he retreated and shut himself up with the remainder of his forces on the stockade at Ooreutong.’About this time reinforcement of 5000 men arrived from Ava via Rangoon in war boats.
On their reaching Sandaway, they attacked the Mugh stockade and were repulsed, upon which the commander Lyngde Soon, one of the former Rajahs of Arracan told his Sardars if they did not carry the place next day, he would put them allto death -the following morning at day light they again stormed the place, which had in the meantime been reinforced by a party from Ramree, notwithstanding, the Burmese succeeded in carrying it; aftertheir loss of Sandoway, the Mughs left their stockades at Ramree and Cheduba, and took to their war boats and gave the Burmese battle near to Kheoo Kheemo in the Ramree frontier in which they were worsted.
When Khyng berring heard of this disaster he sent all his disposable force to their aid, who met their defeated friends near to Mreebong, about one day’s journey on this side of Talak, where they waited the approach of the victorious Burmese.Another engagement took place in which the Mughs were defeated with great loss and being now quite disheartened dispersed. Khyng berring on hearing of the discomfiture of his forces, fled towards Chittagong and took refugee with about twenty gusty followers on the island of Muscalwhere he began to form plans for attacking Arracan.
ln the month of Katshon( May ) 1174 Mug Era, Kyhng Berring having assembled about 1500 Mughs again invaded Arracan partly by water with 20 war boats, the rest of his force marching by land and succeeded in surprising the Burmese post at Lawayde, where he found a large depot of grain. The Rajah of Arracan as soon as he heard of Khyng berring’s approach sent a sardar by name Nakhyn bo with a detachment of 1000 men to oppose him. The Maghsgave him battle near to Maungdoo and were completely routed and dispersed, Khyng berring escaping only with seven followers -The Rajah of Arracan supposing that Khyngberring’s incursions were conceived at , assembled a large force at Maungdoo and sent a Vakeel to the officer commanding at Chittagong to state that ifKhyngberring and his followers were not given up a war between the Kingdom of Ava and the British government would be the inevitable consequence.
The authorities at Chittagoung assured the Vakeel that Khyngberring incursions were made without the knowledge or convenance of the British government, and thus the matter terminated, but not to the satisfaction of the Rajah of Arracan.Shortly after this, Khyngberring having collected a number of malcontents commenced marauding on the plains, and was meditating another attack upon Arracan but falling in with a British detachment under Lieutenant Goung, near to Coxes Bazar his party was dispersed, he notwithstanding very shortly managed to collect them again and invaded Arracan with about 40 war boats.On his arrival at the village of Majay,he was joined by the Headman and the greater part of the inhabitant.
The Rajah of Arracan immediately sent a fleet of war boats against him, an engagement took place near to Majay in which the Mughs were again worsted, after this defeat Khyng Berring made only one more attempt to gain the sovereignty of Arracan, having got together about three thousand men he took up a position—
ln the Kaladyne Mountains, which he strongly stockade.The Burmese sent a force against him, a battle took place in which he was defeated with great loss, his followers deserted him, and he was up to the greatest shifts for the means of subsistence, after having been hunted by the Burmese from one fastness to another, and being quite worn out with watching and fatigue, he closed his eventful career on the Mayngdong – a mountain near to the village of Charkrea in the Chittagong District.
Myngee Khendong having ruled over Arracan for 18 years, died in the Mugh Era 1175 and was succeeded-by Myngee Maha Noratha, father in law of the former King of Ava.The only extra ordinary event during his rule is the purchase of a very large Diamond in Calcutta for the King through the agency of Soojah Cazee. After having held the government for five years, he was recalled and Myngee Maha Khoodong appointed his successor, who took charge of his office in 1181. Nothing particular occurred during his government excepting the exportation of a large quantity of rice to Rangoon for the use of the Burmese army then engaged in a war with the Yoodra People.This Rajah was recalled in 1183 and Myngee Maha Kheojawah Teersawyn was appointed his successor.
ln 1185 Mugh Era during the month of Toutha Long corresponding with august !823, a person named Kongzahkag – Kheouk of the village of Majay, having oppressed the Ryats, they complained against him to the Rajah, who decided in their favor, in consequence of which, the Kheouk left the province and fled into the Chittagong district, turned corn dealer and set the Rajah at defiance. The acherung at Maungdoo by nameMuay was ordered by the Rajah to establish a Chokey at Shapooree for thepurpose of seizing Koungjakkay.Whilst navigating the Naaf, one day his boat happened to pass ladenwith rice, Muay called out to him, “stop” telling him that a Chokey had been established by the Burmese and that each boat passing must pay 2 rupees, Koung jokkay replied,”shapooree–’ belongs to the company, you have no right to establish a Chokey on it, and I will not allow you to search my boat” upon which Muay’s people fired into the boat and Kaungjakkay was killed.
The boatmen immediately pulled over to the Chittagoung side, and reported the circumstance to the Thanadar at Teek Naaf ( by name Tarhy Ram) who brought the affair to the notice of the Magistrate Mr. Lee Warner, who sent a party of Sepoys to take possession of the island of Shappooree. This was immediately made known to the Rajah of Arracan who after some deliberation sent a Detachment of 500 men undertwo sardars by names Chickaydo Manea Bulla Noratha, and Nakhando, to retake it, which they did, and this originated the war. Previous however to resorting to open hostilities negotiations were attempted by the British government to settle the differences and define the frontier of the two states but in vain.Shortly after the declaration of the war the Burmese entered our provinces in force, and cut up a Detachment at Ramoo, under Captain Nroton, where theystockade themselves, but as soon as Sir A Campbell took Rangoon they were recalled for the defense of Pegue.
Mr. Robertson’s settlement of the province of Arracan and its dependencies.
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Name of the village Division
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Kheouk or Headman appointed to the charge of Division
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Remarks
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Rala -1
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Sheikh Junoo, a Mussalman of the province of Arracan
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This man has been for upwards of a twelve month past attached to the Artillery as head man of the coolies required in the Magazine; he is a relation of Sooja Kazee and formerly lived in his village, but having sided with Khyng Berring was obliged to seek refuge at Har Bang in the Chittagong District.
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Phagdas -2
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Chyula Po- A Ramoo Mug
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This person is one of the zumeendars of Teek Naaf and a descendant of a man who was formerly a Minister of state under the old Mug government.
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Pay Reme -3
Yan Keon – 4
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Wyngeeree- an Arracan Mug
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This man,a brother in law of Khyng berring, in well known as one of the most intelligent of his tribe, he accompanied this office as an interpreter and has rendered greater service to the army than any other individual
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Soongaydo Keu – 5
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Choray – an Arracan Mug
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Mading Meade – 6
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Mungla –A Ramoo Mug
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A Doobashee attached to Mug Levy
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Peedyng Keon -7
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Tablagyne-aRamoo Mug
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Rungwa Keon -8
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Keojee-A RamooMug
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This person was appointed at the request of the former Kheouk and the inhabitants of the village.
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Oung Keon – 9
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Shaway oo – A Ramoo Mug
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A nephew of Khyng Berring by the Mother’s side
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Kanggya Shaug – 10
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Oonngyojan-a Ramoo Mug
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A nephew of Khyngberring
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Pajarmfray Keon – 11
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Maungborng-a Ramoo Mug
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Name of the village Division
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Kheouk or Headman appointed to the charge of Division
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Remarks
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Maha Monee Chuk 12
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Loolongbee Keon 13
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Napeeaygee – Arracan Mug
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Former Kheouk appointed at the request
of the inhabitants
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Layyaming Keon 14
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Thaway Chan – a Ramoo Mug
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Jemadar in the Mug levy
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Prongbya Keoh 15
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Phasanay – Ramoo Mug
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Jemadar in the Mug levy
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Khyong Pheda16
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Raphasay –a Ramoo Mug
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Chyng Khrang 17
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Mung Froo – a Ramoo Mug
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Koola Boom 18
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Oogojrya
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Ooreatong 19
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Wyngeeree – an Arraacan Mugh
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A brother in law of the late Khyngberring
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Mrojag 20
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Choreepo-a Ramoo Mug
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At present employed with the Commissariat
Department
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Meeneay Long 21
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Lal Mohammed and Alle
Mohammed
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The former thanadars of Arracan
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Rasseedong 22
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Jonying Oung
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Son of Hynja and a lineal descendant of the old Mug princes.
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Namroosay Khyun 23
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Chylapo
Mungyau
Khyaubay
Raphaway
Bhyee
Khychyn
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All relations and Ramoo Mughs
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Chitoway 24
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Mr. Jas Fernandez–a native of Portugal
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This division is commonly called the island of Akyab situated at the mouth of the Ooreatong river, it contains 19 Hamlets or Paras and is conformed upon Mr. Fernandez as a reward for his indefatigable and zealous services.
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Meeoom Keon 25
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Sawoo- A Cheduba Mug
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This man was Kheouk during the Burmese rule
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Name of the village Division
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Kheouk or Headman appointed to the charge of Division
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Remarks
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Punay Khyong 26
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lbrahim – an Araracan Mussalman
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This man is an old inhabitant of the village and rendered
considerable service to the army in its advance, he has since been appointed by captain Drummond
asst. 2 Wn. Genl. to the Head of the lntelligence Dept. and has been invested with the charge of this village as a reward for past and an incentive to future
Exertions.
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Paleng dong Keon 27
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Rakphoway
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This man was Kheouk of this
division during the Burmah
(Burmese) rule.
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Angkara Khyng 28
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Mongshing-a Ramoo Mug
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This man was very active in
furnishing coolies at the
commencement of the campaign,
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Mree boom Keon 29
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Ongaree – an Arracan Mug
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This man was Kheouk of the
division during the Burmah rule,
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Nawa Kwagya 30
Lay Thounanabra 31.
Nasharyng Keon 32
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Acherung Dongay – a remigrant Mug
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ln selecting Acherung for the
charge of these villages, reference has been made not only to his general conduct which has always been excellent and his hereditary
rights but also to the circumstance of its being particularly desirable to entrust the superintendence of the frontier to a man who is personally obnoxious to the
Burmese and will therefore be stimulated to activity by his personal apprehensions as well as private interests.
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Name of the village Division
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Kheouk or Headman appointed to the charge of Division
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Remarks
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Krakchan 33
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Tingrabo – an Arracan Mug
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This man is son in law to the lateKhyng Berring and of all the Mugsardars displayed the greatestpersonal activity throughout theadvance to Arracan, especiallyduring the passage of the troopsfrom Mayoo Mowa to Keoway
Kyandong, he bear a high
character for bravery amongsthistribe having once with a smallparty cut his way through anumber of Burmese war boats.Elephants abound on his lands andhe has offered to catch anynumber the government mayrequire
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Kaysala 34
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Rahphaway – a remigrant Mugh from Ramoo.
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Keingaslay Anouk 35
Tong Phakeon36.
Konglong Chambalay 37
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Sheikh,Soojah Kazee -An Arracan Mussalman
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This individualwhose name mustbe familiar to government isregarded at the chief of all theMussalman in Arracan, under the
Burmese he held by a tenure
somewhat similar to that of aJageerdar in Hindoostan nearly one third ofthe province. Such asovereignty it would have been impolite and unjust to allow him to
retain, but it was at the same time expedient to prevent his feeling being hurt at the change of ruler,
and therefore an extensive and fertile portion of the District has been left under his charge.
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Name of the village Division
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Kheouk or Headman appointed to the charge of Division
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Remarks
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Prajogee Keon 38
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Oong Phouny – a remigrant Mugh from Ramoo.
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This man is son in law of the late Khyng Berring
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Wong Keon 39
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Mongfroo – a remigrant Mug from Chuckreea
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This man is one of the wealthiest and most respectable man of his tribe and has on every occasion furnished with charity the quota required of him.
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Jongrung Keon 40
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Gogee – an Arracan Mug
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This man was a subadar in the Mugh Levy was the first sardar with his dependents that entered the corps, his conduct is represented by Captain Dickenson as having
been uniformly praise worthy.
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Pragyon 41
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Phasanay – a remigrant Mug from Ramoo
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Employed in the guide and
intelligence department.
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Thoonayso Keon 42
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Baee and Mungnea – Remigrant mughs from Ramoo.
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Pade Keon 43
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Kyasee – a remigrant Mugh from Ramoo
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Jeejo Keon 44
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Shurrafuddowa – a Ramoo Mugh
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Acting Nazir of the Court
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Neongyo Keon 45
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Achyang – a remigrant Mugh from Cox’s Bazar
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This man was employed in the Flotilla and afterwards under the Execution Engineer in building the barracks, he is industrious, activeand intelligent.
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Kreybeng Keon 46
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Khay Kyne – an Emigrant Mugh from Ramoo
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Name of the village Division
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Kheouk or Headman appointed to the charge of Division
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Remarks
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Loungra ashay anouk 47.
Todyee lay mabhek
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Sheikh Soojah- Acherung, – an Arracan Mussalman
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This man is a distant collateral relation of Soojah Kazee and is a person of considerable influence
amongst the Mussalman of the province, during the Burmese rule he was entrusted with the Management of a large Division of the province, his father is at Umrapoorah where he holds a situation in the King’s household’
These circumstances have
rendered his profession to the British government obnoxious to suspicion which however, his conduct has not on the whole afforded any sufficient reason for regarding as well-founded, he is a man of intelligence and Possessed of great information relative to the
province and the Burmese Empire in general; he has resided at the capitals of both states and is better acquainted with their respective powers and resources than any other Person in the province.
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Konfray Keon 48
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Ameer Allee, a remigrant
Mussulman from Cox’s Bazar where he was from some time employed in the subsidiary Police establishment
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This person was interpreter to Brigadier Gen. Morrison. The village was held under the Burmese by Soojah Acherung who voluntarily resigned it to the present occupant.
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Tongdyngdung Khyong 49
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Soojah Acherung and Ameer Ali
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This village is divided between the two Kheonks.
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Rokpungpo Klay 50
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Paniarunja – a remigrant Mug
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This man is now a sub-sardar on the Mugh Levy
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Name of the village Division
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Kheouk or Headman appointed to the charge of Division
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Remarks
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Gungkeon 51
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Mong Long Pray – a Burmah and the Mroosogree of Arracan
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This man had resided in Arracan for upwards of 30 years the greater part of which period he held the situation of Mroosoogree,
as the village contained a favorite garden he applied for a grant which was given to him, his information regarding the internal details of the province is more copious and minute than that which any other person has furnished.
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Pooreng Keon or Baloee Para
52.
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Mohamed Haneef allas Bong
Naproo – an Arracan Mussalman
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This man has been head of this village for the last 30 years he was a Sardar under the Burmese but joined our camp between the 29thMarch- 21st of April 1825.
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Pongdonp 53
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Hassan Allee- an Arracan
Mussalman
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This man was sword bearer to the Rajah of Arracan it was at this village the army encamped on the 29th March.
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Mong Choway Keon 54
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Shawayoo Alias sheik Omr Khutob – An Arracan
Mussalman
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This man was employed by the Burmese as Acherang he is now an interpreter in the police court
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Bong do wut 55
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Meer Mohamed Ally Alias MongLa –an Arracan Mussalman
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This man at various times held responsible situation under the Burmese government, he was
attached latterly to the King of Ava’s Raja Gooroo’s suite but having been ill treated by the Gooroo he left him was
entertained as an interpreter in the police, He is intelligent and possesses a fund of information and has always conducted himself much to the satisfaction of the Sub
Commissioner
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Name of the village Division
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Kheouk or Headman appointed to the charge of Division
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Remarks
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Ramree Name of
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the Mroosoogree
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Naow
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Moom 1
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Napparee
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This man was appointed by Coll. Murray with the concurrence of the major part of the inhabitants,
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lnggoo or low Island 2
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Chyla Po
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Chyla Po is a very active man sent from this office to Coll. Murray as an interpreter
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Ryne Brey Mee 3
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Nafroo
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This Sardar was appointed at the recommendation of the inhabitants by Coll. Murray.
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Koow Khyong 4
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Nala Froo
Chaunay aung
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This first of their Sardars was
appointed by Coll. Murray. The second is his brother who has returned from Chittagong.
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Laydong 5
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Phasanay
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This man has recently returned from Ramoo where he had resided from 13 years, he was placed at
the head of the village by Lieutt. Coll. Murray.
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Kandyng 6
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Gong Bhong
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This Sardar was elected by the villagers and appointed by Lieutt. Coll. Murray
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Kyn Yowa 7
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Na Po Fray
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This Sardar was also elected by the villagers and appointed by Coll.Murray
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Kanggo 8
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Morapo, Soobadar of the Mug Levy
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This one of the most active Sardar in the Levy, he was wounded on the morning of the 29th March at Arracan.
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You Theet 9
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Maggee
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This man is the son of the former Sardar of the village and has recently remigrated from Harng in Chittagong
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Name of the village Division
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Kheouk or Headman appointed to the charge of Division
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Remarks
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Yowa bolay Kheong bya 10
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Showay Phoa
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This Sardar was elected by the villagers and appointed by Lieutt. Coll. Murray
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AIay Khoong 11
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Kajosee
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A remigrant Mugh from Beebee Kheel near Chakrera and formerly Head of the village
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Ganabok 12
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Menree
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A remigrant Mugh, Brother of the person appointment by Lieutt. Coll. Murray on the election of the people, with whose consent he has been constituted Sardar.
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Meong byngla 13
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Achyng
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This Sardar elected by the people and appointed by Lieutt. Coll. Murray
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Than Tong 14.
Myng Yat 15.
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Than Toungja
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This and the following villages have been placed under the charge of the brother of Hynjas, who derives his name from that of the first of the three division of which he acted as head man until the year 1812, when in consequence of Kheng berring invasion he was obliged to emigrate
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Than Kheong 16
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Keouk Pew 17
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Menbung
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This Sardar was elected by the villagers and appointed by Lt. Coll. Murray
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Mroo Kheong
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Na Polong
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Do. Do.
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Maday Khyngo
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Nayoo Proo
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Do. Do
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Name of the village Division
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Kheouk or Headman appointed to the charge of Division
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Remarks
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Murag Lyng 20
Keonk to Ayng 21
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Kion Khngne
Keonja Oong &
Nanaorig
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The first of these Sardars is the person elected by the villagers and appointed by Lieutt. Coll. Murray the 2nd is the man sent to Arracan
on suspicion of his having been concerned in concealing property belonging to the Burmah Rajah, the charge not having been substantiated and he being a
person possessed of influence
such as may materially contribute to the accomplishment of various
objects it has been considered
advisable to unite him with his relation in the superintendence ofthe village.
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Kouen Kheong 22
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Oounggya Jyne
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This Sardar was appointed to the charge by this office on condition of his conveying the dawk to Prome this man is a brother of Hynja
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Lyng Kheong 23
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Thyn nee aung
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Elected by the villagers and
appointed by Lieutt.Coll. Murray
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Keonk Noe Wa 24
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UbidulKareem& Napfroo
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This is the only Mussalman in the village, of the Sirdars the first was appointed by Lieutt. Coll. Murray the second has been associated with him at the request of the villagers.
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Name of the village Division
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Kheouk or Headman appointed to the charge of Division
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Remarks
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Town of Ramree is divided
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into five Mahellas as follows
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Tan Kaman 1
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Nambochay
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ln thls Mahilla there are twenty Burmese, thirty Musslaman and two hundred Mugh house holders, it was formerly chiefly peopled by Mussalman and on that account is now placed under
the charge of a person that tribe.
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Shaway Dong breng 2
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Su ngnee
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These three Mahillas contain 460 houses of which about 200 are occupied by Burmese old residents
of the place & married to Mughwomen, these Mahillahs are under
charge of an officer called the Layragong, whose named is Charry Po.
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Sayagong Breng 3
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Nahla
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Aung hirk 4
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Nachyngay
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Mroodong 5
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This Mahallah is no longer in
existence the great stockade
having been erected on its site.
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Name of the village Division
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Kheouk or Headman appointed to the charge of Division
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Remarks
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This province of Sandoway is under Nathoo Mroosoogee appointed by Lieutt. Wyndham and continued in his office under the guardianship of his maternal uncle Jophio.Thls boy’s parents were Burmese, his father held the situation of Mroosoogree for 6 year previous to the expulsion of the Burmese of whose government he was a public functionary and not as it is erroneously supposed a Mug Rajah since the Father’s death the mother has married Oonggyo Jyne the Soogree of 14 the general charge of divisions No.-3-9-8-13-16-12&17
has been under the appellation of Khong Keon Soogree conferred upon a man Oaong Byng Son of a remigrant Mug named Ramada who 25 years ago was Mroosoogree of the province, he accompanied the army to Arracan at theHead of a party of Boat men raised by him for public service
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Mroo Ma 1
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Napo_ a Burmah
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This man was appointed by Lieutt Wyndham. This divlsion includes the town and stockade.
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Laya Rawa 2
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Natoway and Malongway Mugs
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Of these men the first is the
person appointed by Lieutt.
Wyndham the second associated with him is a relation who has recently returned from Beebee
Kheel or Chittagong.
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Choway Rawa 3
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Mragyo Oo _a Mugh
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This Sardar was appointed by Lieutt. Wyndham.
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Syndaway Khrong 4
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Sy Mra Noo —– Burmah
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Do. Do.
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Pantha Khrong 5
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Ourhla / Rainoo
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Of these two the first appointed by Lieutt. Wyndham the 2nd is his
relation lately returned from
Oruscal
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Padong Kheong 6
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Malingda, Mugh sabadar of the Mugh levy
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As the person appointed is
necessarily detained with his
regiment his brother named
Namia will manage the village.
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Name of the village Division
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Kheouk or Headman appointed to the charge of Division
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Remarks
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Saungraway Kheong 7
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Phosanay – Jemadar of the Mug levy
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This man name has been recorded with the consent of the man appointed by Liutt. Wyndham, Prasanay’s brother in law, Keo Jyne Proo will manage the affairs of the village.
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Tonggo Kheong 8
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Sa, Oo -a Burmah
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Appointed by Lieutt. Wynd ham
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Kheongya Ruwa 9
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Na Khyeng -Mug
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Do. Do
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Alaygra Rawa 10
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Na Sa Oo-Burmah
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Do. Do
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Maee Chunay 11
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La mo KheonC 12
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Oong Janyng – Mug
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This man is a remigrant Mugh from Sherbong in Chittagong where he furnished considerable
number of boat men for the public service.
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Rant Kheong 13
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Shaway – Mug
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Appointed by Lieutt. Wynd ham
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Cha Rawa 14
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Oounggyo Jyne Appointed from this office and
exempted from furnishing coolies on condition of keeping up a Dak communication between the two division of the army
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Laya Rawa 15.
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Na Proo Bong – a Mug
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This man was appointed by Lieutt Wyndham
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Chabring thana rawa 16
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Khay Loway – Mug
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Appointed by Lieutt. Wynd ham
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Beng Kheong 17
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Makhyng
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Appointed at Arracan from this office.
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Name of the village Division
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Kheouk or Headman appointed to the charge of Division
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Remarks
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Province of Macon or Mekha waddy commonly called Cheduba this Sardar was appointed by Brigadie, Mac Creagh. He as a general charge of the whore province but moreimmediately of the following villages_
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Limboo Rawa l.
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Keo Jawa & Romasee
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About one half of the House are occupied by Burmese This is the Sardar village and where the stockade is
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Jay Pa Rawa 2
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Kra ounghee
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The whole lsland of Cheduba is regarded-
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Mongchay Rawa 3
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was but one village division and its sub-divisions as paras or Hamlets. The soogrees or Kheonks are all the same men as were on the first
occupation of the island continued or appointed by the Moosoogree nominated by Brigadier Mac Creagh
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Mong Ray Rawa 4
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Khome Bray Mug
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Ka Raw Rawa 5
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Thingne Ma Oo
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Name of the village Division
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Kheouk or Headman appointed to the charge of Division
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Remarks
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The following villages are under the immediate charge of a man named pheoown, who formerly held an officein the province, but emigrated after Khyngberring’s failure in 1812 and returned with the army in the capacityof a superintendent of a party of coolies and Boat man raised by himself for the public service. this office is to that of Narawasoogree or superintendent of five village, his quotas to be furnished through the Mroosoogree
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Towa thoo Rawa 6
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Mra Nee
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Keemoo Rawa 7
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Oung Thoway
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Mungbrung Rawa 8
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Mrajyo Oo
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Chalay Prang Rawa
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Chaunay Oung
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The population of Arracan and its dependencies Ramree, Cheduba & Sandaway does not at present exceed 100,00 souls, may be classed as follow—
– Mughs six tenths
– Mussalman three tenths Total 100,000 Souls
– Burmese One tenth
The Muisalaman Sardars generally speak good Hindoostanee, but the lower orders of that class, who speak a broken sort of Hindoostanee, are quite unintelligible to those who are not thoroughly acquainted with the jargon of the southern parts of the Chittagong District. The universal Language of the provinces isthe Mugh, which although differing in some respects from the Burmah, particularly in pronunciation, is written and spelt in the same way and with the same character; almost everyone is able to write and as females are not precluded from receiving instruction, they are often shrewd and intelligent. The Mugs, beingparticularly fond of hunting and fishing, do not make such good farmers as the Mussalman.
However as Bunneahs and shop keepers they surpass the Bengollee in cunning and on all occasion try, and very often successfully, to overreach their customers; stealing is a predominant evil amongst them, yet they are not given to lying, when detected after the commission of any felonious act, however serious, they almost invariably, and with the utmost frankness confess the crime, and detail with the greatest minuteness the manner in which it had been perpetrated.
Customs in Marriage
The Burmese follow the example of European Nations, and court their wives after the consent of the parents has been obtained; a day is fixed forthe wedding, and all the relations and friends of the parties invited to a festival in the Brides father’s house, after thepreliminaries of the dowry have been settled, the whole set down to the feast, the bride groom and bride eat out of- the same dish, which binds the contract and they are declared to be man and wife, when the son-in -law becomes a member of the family till his wife shyness has worn off and she wish to have a house of her own, the Mughs go through the same ceremony with the exception of not having the pleasure of courting.
The young folks are not allowed to think of marriage unless the match be arranged by the parents. Should the Husband wish to separate from his wife against her will, and inclination, he must give up all the property and take upon him all her debts, and quit the house with nothing on but his Dholie, but should the wife wish for a divorce, she has only to summon her Husband before the Magistrate and tender to him 25 Rupee, which by their law, he must accept, and the release is effected by the wife breaking a Pan leaf in two, eating one half herself and giving the other to her husband, should they have any children they are divided according to their sexes the father obtaining the boys, and the mother the girls. Should man and wife separate by mutualconsent the property is equally divided and that are at liberty to remarry.
Slavery
Amongst the Burmese and Mugh slavery is tolerated in all shapes. Slaves bought from the Khongs or Hill people cannot redeem themselves by money without the consent of the owner. Every other species of slave has to the privilege of ransom It is a common custom amongst the lower orders when a man wants money to pawn his wife for a certain period or untilthe debt be liquidated. Should the woman become pregnant whilst in pawn the debt is rendered null and void and the husband can reclaim his wife if he chooses, takesthe child also, and a fine 60 rupee from the father. Such practices are shockingtothe civilized mind, butthe barbarous and dissolute habits of these people resonated them all sort of prostitution and vices, a woman loses nothing of reputation by the frequent change of her husband and is as- much respected by the community generally as those who continue constant.
The Burmese and Mugh women having equal liberty with their Lords and Masters are fond of dress and appearing in public, the dress worn by the women consists of a red binder wrapt tightly round the bosom, over which a robe coming down as far as the knee, the lower garment or what ought to be a petticoat is an oblong piece of cloth only sufficiently wide to meet and fasten on one side of the waist so that every step a fashionable female takes, exposes one limb completely, they are however not backward in showing their shapes and well-formed persons to the best advantage, always taking care to conceal as much as possible the appearance of the feet.
Funeral Ceremonies
The Mughs have no prescribed form for disposing of the dead. Some burn the bodies others bury them, the coffin of the wealthy are richly gilt, and made in the shape of a sarcophagus. The priests and men in power are generally embalmed, and their bodies preserved for many years. The method of cleaning the intestine is by quicksilver. Music and dancing take place at the funerals of those whose friends can afford to pay for the entertainment, and although the people are by their Shasters prohibited from the use of liquor on any occasion, it often happens, that a funeral is the sense of dissipation and riot.
The musicians are all registered and placed under a Sardar styled by the Rajah Sangeed Laway, and no one can procure a set without an application to him, who charges according to the number of instruments, the Sangeeds Laway pays a considerable sum annually to the Rajah for this privilege –
lmport and export duties
The custom house was at Arracan which had five detached chokies established at the following places, one at Rala one at Peekheon, one at Ooreatong one at Mongbra and another at Limroo kheon. When boats or vessels arrived at Ooreatong which was the chief Chokey and not farmed out, the Durogah often— taking an inventory ofthe cargo, put a peon on board to conduct the vessel to the custom house, where duties were levied in kind at the rate of 10 percent, unless a pecuniary arrangement had been entered into, which was not an uncommon custom, all the other chokies were leased out yearly, but the rent paid every six months -the revenue realized from import and export duties may be averaged at 50,000 per annum.
Ferries
There were five public ferries in the province, on at Teek Naaf one at Chukadong, alias Baboodong Ghat Lengrak kado, one at Mongboway and one at Radong Myongbong Kado, which were allfarmed out-The revenue derived from the Ferries amounted to about ln. Rupees 400 per annum-The L7 large Nullahs viz the Kalaydyne; Ooskalyng, Namado, Belyn Kheon, Meekheon, Zemma Kheon, Yan Kheon, Anouk Yoo Kheon, lraidan Kheon, Mosay Kheon, Limroo Kheon, Pymarung Kheon, Ashay Limroo Kheon, lrraway Kheon, Jong Kheon, Talet Kheon and Yononaway Kheon were also farmed out with the privilege of a monopoly of all feeswas timber, tobacco, cotton and bamboos grown on the hills and also of the Poojoung a sort of twilled cloth made bythe hill people and much prized bythe inhabitantsof the plains. The revenue derived from this source averaged at about ln.Rs.-8,000 per annum -,
Mint
The mint was in Arracan and any person was allowed to take bullion to it, for the purpose of being coined paying 5 percent to the state; the process of coining was very tedious, the silver after being melted was cut into small pieces then weighed and beat out to the proper size, the coin was then placed between two dyes and with a few strokes of a heavy hammer the impression was effected, when the whole of the establishment was employed they could with difficulty make two thousand rupees per day. –
Land Revenue
It appears, that the only land assessed, was that on which sugar canes, hemp, indigo, onions, garlic and turmeric are grown, the annual tax upon a piece of land 150ft square sown with sugar cane or indigo two rupees and one rupee for hemp on the same measurement. Onion, garlic and turmeric on a strip of ground 150 long by 3 ft wide paid eight annas; revenue on the produce generally was levied at one uniform rate throughout the kingdom, every plough drawn by buffaloes was assessed at 10 tayngs equal to 2 1/2 Arries or 36 seers=14 Manuds 16 seers but ploughs drawn by bullocks paid only 10 tayngs annually .
Fisheries
For the privilege of using or fishing in the tanks or fresh water lakes, two rupees were annually exacted from every 30 houses; nets used in the rivers were assessed according to their size, averaging from two to ten rupees each per annum, where stakes were used, thetaxation was regulated accordingto the nature of the bank and the distance stated in, the revenue derived from the fisheries amounted to about 2000 rupees annually.
Productions
Teak timber is to be had in the hills at the source of the Kaladyne and Mraisay river but the difficulty in bringing it down to the plains so much enhances the price, that it is found a cheaper plan to import it from Rangoon and Laymeana in the district of Bassein-The garjantree called Kanyeng red larracel and Toon abound in the banks of the Naaf and Mayoo, near the foot of the Mountains. -The pine apples and plantains of these provinces are perhaps the finest flavored in the world, and procurable in the greatest abundance, mangoes,jack fruit, sweet Limes and coconut are also abundant but oranges- are scarce’ Bangans, red pepper, cucumbers, water melons, papas, and rutaloo are very plentiful.
Sugar cane grows most luxuriantly and if cultivated to any great extent would produce aconsiderable revenue to government. _
The indigo plants is as rich and flourishing as any in Bengal, but the art of manufacturing it,is unknown to the inhabitants, and consequentlythe cultivation of the plant is almostentirely neglected, oilfrom the tel plant is produced in considerable quantities in the plainsbut mustard seed oil, cotton and tobacco are cultivated on the banks of the hill streams.
The staple articles of the province are rice and salt in plentiful seasons. Dhan used to sell for three Mug rupees the 100 Arrees = 30 Maunds and the latter from 15 to 18Arrees.
The cultivation of rice may be carried on to any extent, and as the population increase willbe extended and send not only to render the climate and country more healthy but bybecoming an article of great trade will increase the revenue considerably. _
Black peeper grains wild at Aung and Sandoway, if cultivated might become an article oftrade and yield a handsome revenue to government, Limestone is to be had in abundance on the island of Ramree, cheduba, and Jaygoo and asthe soil of country answers for brick making, there will no difficulty in introducin[ Ruckhabuildings into these provinces; during the rule of the Mughs and Burmese,no one was allowed to build brick or stone houses; those materials using appropriated solely for theconstruction of their temples and the repair of fortifications, all the house are of wood, andno sardar could build one that did not correspond with his rank, the plan of which being inthe first instance submitted-for the approval ofthe princes.
Gold and Silver dust are found in the Nallahs at Bassein, allthose employed in gathering the precious metals pay each 12 rupees in gold for the privilege, no one is allowed to collect the dust without a Purwanah from the King – The process is managed by a tray about ½ an inch deep which is filled with sound, and taken into the stream where the sand is moved aboutand carried away by the water, the metals remaining at the bottom.
The soil of Cheduba is well adapted for the cultivation of cotton which may be introduced with advantage. Sandoway Aung and various parts of the province of Arracan appear favorable for the cultivation of coffee, and I would recommend the immediate introduction of the plant into these provinces, the land holder are very desirous to improve and add to the productions of the country, and ought to meet with every encouragement, if a nursery on a small scale, under an experienced superintendent was established to rear the coffee plant, I have no doubt the experiment would prove successful, and might be made at a very trifling expense to the government .
Peace having been concluded with the court of Ava and the British government, it appears to me that a very considerable reduction of the military force in these provinces might withadvantage be immediately affected. The European Regiment at Cheduba is not any longer required and at present maintained at an enormous expense. The following Military and naval establishment will in my opinion be quite sufficient for the protection of Arracan and its dependencies.
Two Regiments of Native lnfantry
One company of European Artillery
Four Companies of Pioneers.
The Mug levy completed to 600 muskets
The provincial corps to 500 muskets—
Flotilla
One armed Brig
12 Gun Boats
50 flats
Disposition of the Force
Head Quarters Akhyab
1-Regiment of Native lnfantry
Artillery Detachment-Pioneers Ditta
Amherst lsland
1- Regiment Native lnfantry
1- Brigade of pprs.
To detach two companies to Sandoway and a Jemadar party to Cheduba for the purpose of countenancing police.
The duty of Ramree, and the province of Arracan generally, to be taken jointly by the Mugh Levy and the provincial Corps, so that the regular troops would always be available for services.
The flotilla ought to be placed entirely under the control of the office commandingthe South Eastern Division, who would them, at all times and at all seasons be enabled to provide for any emergency, and when police Thannahs have been established at Cheduba, Sandoway, Aeng and Talak the arrangement will be perfect complete.
The whole country as I said before being Sunderbun from the bottom of the Mountains, to the sea, marching is out of the question and consequently a few elephants and as many bullocks as might be requisite for the guns, would be the only cattle required, a portion of the flatswhen not wanted for the transport of troops and stores might with advantage be employed under the Salt Agent for the conveyance of salt from the different villages to the golas and from the golas to the vessels on which the salt might be shipped for Calcutta. _
Arracan and its dependencies having been much harassed for the last two years, the cultivation of the soil has been greatly neglected, and as no survey of the country has yet been made, it is impossible at present to make a correct assessment, I would however respectfully recommend that a settlement be made with the land holders for five years they paying nonrevenue for the first year, but after the expiration of that period to pay a moiety of the assessment that may be fixed upon, half yearly import and export duties however ought to be levied as soon as the rate shall have been determined by the government.
The land revenue of Arrancan and its dependencies–for the first five years may be estimated at 150,000 rupees per Annum.
lmport and export duties @ —————50,000
Court fees and fines @…………………….. 20,000
Total l.R.P ………………………………………..220,000 Per annum.
Exclusive of what may be derived from the manufacture of salt and sale of opium,–after the topographical survey of the country has been completed, which might certainly be effected in five years, during which period the population under our government would rapidly increase and as the soil of the country is peculiarly fertile and productive, the revenue after the lapse of the first settlement might I have every reason to suppose, be enhanced three fold.
Sub commissioner’s office
Akhyab 26th April 1826.
I have the honor to be
Sir
Your most obt. Servant
Sub commissioner
ပါလက္စတိုင္း
ပါလက္စတိုင္း
ေမာင္ေလးေရ ဘယ္သူက မွ ကိုယ္ေမြးတဲ့ႏိုင္ငံထက္ ဘယ္ႏိုင္ငံကို မွပိုမခ်စ္ဘူး ..အမဆို ျမန္မာမွာေတာင္ ဘယ္ျမိဳ႕ၾကီးဘယ္ေလာက္ စည္ပင္ စည္ပင္ လိြဳင္ေကာ္ေလာက္ မခ်စ္ဘူး ..
႐ိုဟင္ဂ်ာ လူမ်ဳိးစု အသံ 